Thao Phonology
| bilabial | labiodental | interdental | alveolar | postalveolar | velar | uvular | glottal | |
| stop | p b | t d | k | q | ʔ | |||
| fricative | f (v) | θ ð | s | ʃ | h | |||
| lateral fricative | (ɬ̪) (ɮ̪) | ɬ | ||||||
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| trill/flap | r | |||||||
| approx. | j | w |
| p | punuq (head) | apuy (fire) | |
| b | bidhu (beard) | tubu (urine) | |
| m | matha (eye) | rumfadh (bird) | urum (cloud) |
| f | funush (knife) | afu (food) | qaruf (knee) |
| v | vaak (夜鷺 night egret) | ||
| t | taparudh (rabbit) | katawnan (village) | shpat (four) |
| d | dadú (chief) | shmadiya’ (owl) | |
| n | nipin (tooth) | tanathu (nine) | mudhin (nose) |
| ɬ | lhanadh (name) | tilhadh (sun) | qawlh (bamboo) |
| l | luysh (short, not long) | lalay (cicada) | bunal (sand) |
| r | ribush (tree) | katuru (six) | kamar (millet) |
| θ | thaythuy (they) | ruthun (monkey) | lhamith (root) |
| ð | dhama (tongue) | padhay (corn husk) | fidhfidh (banana) |
| s | sadhum (water) | rusaw (fish) | balis (iron) |
| ʃ | shmin’an (to drink) | tusha (two) | shaqish (face) |
| k | ku’aw (eagle) | kakulhum (ant) | |
| ŋ | kakani na pangka (table) | lhungqawshin (to sneeze) | |
| q | qnuwan (deer, pig) | maqusum (black) | flhuq (to wash) |
| ʔ | a’a (baby) | ||
| h | hudun (mountain) | ihu (you) | |
| j | yaku (I) | today (thuyni) | bukay (flower) |
| w | wakrath (river) | kawash (year) | mashimdhaw (cold as in weather) |
In syllable final position, θ and ð take on a sound not represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Darma’s pronunciation is visibly interdental, however, the sounds clearly seem to be lateral fricatives, and this lines up nicely in the phonology table above showing that interdentals have both voiced and unvoiced whereas alveolars are only unvoiced. I refer to them as interdentalized lateral fricatives.
Between vowels, w is pronounced as v.
There are three vowels: a, i, u
The letter i is pronounced e before and after q and r.
The letter u is pronounced o before and after q and r.
Diphthongs: ay, iy, uy, aw, iw, uw (iy>ey occurring after r or q, uw>ow occurring after r or q)
Stress is always penultimate unless indicated by an accent (e.g. dadú, chief).
Thao - English Vocabulary
| ‘anyamin | thing | |
| ‘athlum | pangolin 穿山甲 | |
| ‘in’awran | to forget | |
| aaq | crow 烏鴉 | |
| adhadhak | child | |
| adhadhak | son | |
| afu, ‘afu’ | cooked rice | |
| alishal (簡老師) | Babuza | |
| ama | father | |
| ama + name | uncle | |
| amiakudha | otherwise | |
| ani | no, not | |
| antupidha | a little | |
| àntutumádha | deaf | |
| apu | ancestor | |
| apukiay | grandmother | |
| apura’in | grandfather | |
| apuy | fire 火 | |
| arupiyath | centipede 蜈蚣 | |
| athua | pheasant | |
| atu’ | dog 狗 | |
| ayudhi’ | husband | |
| ayudhi’ | man | |
| bablaq | bat 蝙蝠 | |
| bablaq | swallow | |
| ba’hi’ | shadow | |
| ba’hi’ | soul 靈魂 | |
| balis | iron 鐵 | |
| banhilan | bug 臭蟲 | |
| banshidhin | sick | |
| bantath | leg 腿 | |
| bidhu | beard 鬍子 | |
| biktidh | top of foot 腳上 | |
| biqras | leech, big | |
| buhanuq | chicken stomach (not found in people) | |
| buhat | rice field 田 | |
| bukay | flower 花 | |
| buna | sweet potato 甘藷 | |
| bunal, bunadh (fine) | sand 沙 | |
| bunlhadh | flesh | |
| buntuth | calf of leg | |
| butridhin | elbow | |
| dadú | chief 頭目 | |
| dawlhlaw | trap | |
| dhadhinis (bumblebee), fulhiya’ (bee), lhelhkadh (wasp) | bee 蜜蜂 | |
| dhama | tongue 舌頭 | |
| dharinis | honey | |
| dhashuq | rice | |
| dhayi | to ask | |
| dilkay | maggot | |
| faaq | lung | |
| faariw | to sell | |
| faariw, fariw | to buy | |
| fafuy | pig 豬 | |
| falhan | ribs | |
| falhán | rib | |
| faqlhu | new | |
| fari | wind 風 | |
| faruqudh | bridge | |
| fatu’ | stone 石頭 | |
| fidhfidh | banana 香蕉 | |
| filhaq | leaf 葉子 | |
| filhash | bullet | |
| finunal | field 旱地 | |
| flhuq (hulus) | to wash clothes | |
| fukish | hair 頭髮 | |
| funush | sword | |
| furadh | month | |
| furadh | moon 月亮 | |
| futulh | bow | |
| hara’ | turtle | |
| harbuq | fog 霧 | |
| haya | this | |
| hluhluk | to hiccup | |
| hu’dun | mountain 山 | |
| hulus | clothes | |
| humbaaq | ox 牛 | |
| hunan | a pool, a pond | |
| huri | friend | |
| hurum | cloud 雲 | |
| huya | that | |
| hwathu’ | pigeon | |
| ifadhfadh | middle 中間 | |
| ifafaw | above 上面 | |
| ifafaw | high | |
| ihadhish | far | |
| ihu, ‘ihu’ | you | |
| ihuman, maniyun | you guys | |
| ina | mother | |
| ina + name | aunt | |
| ingekemir | to press | |
| ingqa | don’t | |
| ipruq | low | |
| iqualh | close | |
| iquwalh | near | |
| isaran | outside 外面 | |
| ishilshil | side 旁邊 | |
| ishkawan, maprupruq | dirty | |
| ishqala’ | drunk | |
| ish’uqaw | thirsty | |
| ita | we incl | |
| itanamuqtha | front 前 | |
| itanariqus | behind, back 後 | |
| itanraws | below 下面 | |
| itiya | have (there is?) | |
| it’mal | inside 裡面 | |
| kadaw na rongfel | sparrow 麻雀 | |
| kadhingkin | earring | |
| kakanan | pipe of tobacco | |
| kakani na pangka | table | |
| kakatu’ | spider 蜘蛛 | |
| kakthi | chopsticks | |
| kakulay | worm 蟲 | |
| kakulhum | ant 螞蟻 | |
| kamapathay | to kill | |
| kamar | millet 小米 | |
| kamsiya | sugar | |
| kantashan | frog 青蛙 | |
| kapaha | shoes | |
| karafaw | shoulder 肩膀 | |
| karaw | eyebrow 眉毛 | |
| karpul | gall 膽 | |
| karuf | knee 膝蓋 | |
| kashepat, kashpat | eight | |
| katawnan | village | |
| katidhawruq | earthworm 蚯蚓 | |
| katuru, makaturuturu | six | |
| kawash | year 年 | |
| kawi’ | tree 樹 | |
| kawi’ | wood | |
| kemari, piabrak, tmabrak | to dig | |
| kemaytunu | to slap | |
| kemulhaw | to scratch | |
| kilhpul | star 星星 | |
| kirpa | duck 鴨 | |
| klhiw | bowstring | |
| klhiw | hemp 麻 | |
| kmilhim | to find | |
| kmu | cake | |
| kmurudh | to hide | |
| koralre’ | butterfly 蝴蝶 | |
| ku’aw | eagle 鷹 | |
| kuku | claw 爪 | |
| kuku | nail 指甲 | |
| kupur | feather 羽毛 | |
| kupur | hair 毛 | |
| kuskus | foot 腳 | |
| kuthu | head louse 頭虱子 | |
| kuthun | shrimp 蝦 | |
| kuti | vagina | |
| lahulahu | throat 喉嚨 | |
| lalawa’ | language | |
| langkinunay, langqisusay | small | |
| lapidha, laqudha’ | how many | |
| lhalhum | needle | |
| lhamith | root 根 | |
| lhanadh | name | |
| lhanshay | broom | |
| lhari | mushroom | |
| lhari | taro 芋頭 | |
| lharina | ear 耳朵 | |
| lhay | to give | |
| lhetukusan | stick | |
| lhilhaq | phlegm | |
| lhimash, mathimash | grease | |
| lhlilhaq | saliva | |
| lhmir | grass 草 | |
| lhumay | bear 熊 | |
| lhumbaha | to float | |
| lhunfa’ | to belch, burp | |
| lhungqawshin | to sneeze | |
| lilitun | SunMoon Lake dwarfs | |
| limra | bracelet | |
| luysh | short | |
| ma’awak | wood carving with diagonal lines | |
| mabadhay | thin | |
| mabaridh | smooth | |
| mabiskaw | quick | |
| mabraq | cave 山洞 | |
| mabrith | heavy | |
| mabukthiwidha | satisfied | |
| mabuqlhiw | full, satiated 飽 | |
| mabuqnur | angry | |
| maburumbun | to thunder | |
| madahun | sweet | |
| madhiwadhiwan, klhiw | rope | |
| madhumudhumus | soft | |
| madishlum | blue, green | |
| madumdum | dark in ambience | |
| madumpiq | short 矮 | |
| madunlak | to stick, to adhere | |
| mafadhaq | to know | |
| maharumpum | thunder 雷 | |
| mahruqhruq | deep | |
| makalunhan | itch | |
| makamun | chili 辣椒 | |
| makamun | peppery | |
| makan, kman | to eat | |
| makapa | shallow | |
| makaripupu’ | round | |
| makeshenaw, maqshinaw | to breathe | |
| makthin | ten | |
| makuliush | long | |
| makushtur | thick | |
| makutnir | hard | |
| malaliyu | to run | |
| malamlam | pointed, sharp | |
| malamlam | sharp | |
| malaylay | lazy | |
| malhathas | to cook | |
| malhifus | to rub | |
| malhilhaq | to spit | |
| malhinuna, mdhait (talk to s.o.) | to talk | |
| malhus | so sleep | |
| malhuydha | to plant | |
| malimrath | necklace | |
| malundudh | straight | |
| mananan | knife | |
| manasha | many | |
| mangtuktu | to think | |
| manishir | sour | |
| manrankaw | light in weight | |
| mapa’ | to carry on back | |
| mapanaq | to fight | |
| mapiqa’ | lame, crippled | |
| mapudhi | white | |
| mapudhipudhia tudha | white eel | |
| mapunish | full | |
| maqalhiw | dry | |
| maqanshudh | fragrant | |
| maqaran | happy | |
| maqarman, maqitan | bad | |
| maqasbit | salty | |
| maqashpar | pain | |
| maqashtash | alive | |
| maqashtash | to live | |
| maqitan | good | |
| maqtit | narrow | |
| maqulha | red | |
| maqurada | to climb | |
| maqusum | black | |
| maqusum | clothes | |
| maqusuqusu tudha | black eel | |
| maquthquth | to bind | |
| mara | to hold | |
| mara | to take | |
| mara’in | big | |
| maramu | fat | |
| marayinlalawa | to shout | |
| marfadh | to fly | |
| mariqus | blind | |
| mariyath | light in ambience | |
| maruku | bowl | |
| marutaw | tall | |
| mashakarman | thin | |
| mashimedhaw, mashimlaw | cold as in weather | |
| mashimul | to borrow | |
| mashmash | rat 鼠 | |
| mashtuqash ayudhi, mashtuqash minanaw’adh | elder sibling | |
| mashuashuaw | to yawn | |
| mashudhap | to touch | |
| mashudhu’udhu | to cough | |
| mashuru | hungry | |
| masidhaq, mathidhaq | bitter | |
| mat | and | |
| matak, matishlum | raw | |
| matarithtith | blunt | |
| matash | to write | |
| matata, mahnar | hot | |
| matbulaw | ripe | |
| matha | eye 眼睛 | |
| mathathaq, muntunuq | to fall | |
| mathathawa | to laugh | |
| mathay | to die | |
| mathimash | fat, grease | |
| matilaw | clean | |
| matithi | cold as in water | |
| matubu’ | wet | |
| matyashya’ | dream | |
| meriqadh, mariqadh | to see | |
| miadhay | the same | |
| milhilhi’ | to stand | |
| milhim | to choose | |
| milhungqu’ | to sit | |
| milqil | to chew | |
| milu’ | to bathe | |
| minanaw’adh | woman | |
| mingqurqur | rotten | |
| minparaw | to dance | |
| minparaw | to jump | |
| minshiraq | to curse | |
| minshiraq | to scold | |
| miqilha’ | drink (wine) | |
| mitalha’ | to wait | |
| mrawdh, milu’ | to swim | |
| mubuhat, malhkalhilyu | to work | |
| mudhin | nose 鼻子 | |
| mulingkaw (musical instrument with mouth and strings) | harmonica | |
| munay, makunanay | to come | |
| mundadan | to crawl | |
| mundadan | to walk | |
| mundawdawk | slowly | |
| muntal | to follow | |
| muntunuq | to lie | |
| muqlhilin | arm 手臂 | |
| muribush | to hunt | |
| murushrush | to flow | |
| mushuqish | to revolve | |
| mutantu, musha’ | to go | |
| mutaq | to vomit | |
| mutushi’ | leave | |
| myup | to blow | |
| nadhaq | pus | |
| nama-thaw | self-nom | |
| naquwalh | to play | |
| nipin | tooth 牙齒 | |
| no word | autumn 秋 | |
| no word | fruit 水果 | |
| no word | spring 春 | |
| no word | summer 夏 | |
| no word | winter 冬 | |
| nulhnulh | lip 嘴唇 | |
| numa | but | |
| numa | what | |
| padhay, dhashuq (rice) | husked rice 稻 | |
| padhis | Rukai | |
| padhis | Yami | |
| padhish | Amis | |
| padhish | Atayal | |
| padhish | Kanakanabu | |
| padhish | Paiwan | |
| padhish | Pazeh | |
| padhish | Puyuma | |
| padhish | Saaroa | |
| padhish | Saisiyat | |
| padhish | Seediq | |
| padhish | Tsou | |
| padhishan, lhpalishan | arrow | |
| padhiwat | window | |
| pali | wing 翅膀 | |
| palshiyan a lalawa’ | taboo | |
| pana’ | branch | |
| panaq, pafdhiq | to shoot | |
| pangka | chair | |
| pangka’ | board | |
| panidha’ | hook | |
| paniya’an | cooked food | |
| paniya’an | vegetable dish | |
| paqaquyish, makakuyas | to sing | |
| paqi | anus | |
| paqit | axe | |
| parhavay | young person | |
| pash’amu | winnower | |
| patuq | cheek | |
| pedhahin | skirt | |
| peruq, pruq | earth 地 | |
| pinadhim | wall | |
| pintata | to boil | |
| pishtub’u | to piss | |
| pitaw | door | |
| pitu | seven | |
| pudha | navel 肚臍 | |
| pungkaka’lini | to hang | |
| punuq | head 頭 | |
| puqu’ | bone 骨 | |
| pushawil | tea | |
| puthaqi, thaqi | excrement | |
| puthum | gun | |
| qafu | ashes | |
| qahil | paper | |
| qalhan | crab 螃蟹 | |
| qali’ | sky, heaven 天 | |
| qali, malhiyas | day 天/日 | |
| qaqurzin | canine tooth 獠牙 | |
| qarithuy | egg 蛋 | |
| qariwadhwadh | rainbow 虹 | |
| qaruta, karuta’ | cat 貓 | |
| qashay | pan | |
| qashay | wok | |
| qati | grandchild | |
| qati’ | sprout, bamboo shoot | |
| qatitira | flea 跳蚤 | |
| qawlh | bamboo 竹 | |
| qawriwa, panak | to throw | |
| qedha | chaff | |
| qemalaw | to rob | |
| qerus | pillar | |
| qetilha | salt | |
| qilha’ | wine | |
| qlhoran | snake 蛇 | |
| qmaytunu | to hit | |
| qmirqir, maqilqil | to bite | |
| qnuwan, qnuan | buffalo 水牛 | |
| qnuwan, qnuan | deer 鹿 | |
| qraqraki | to untie | |
| qtut | to fart | |
| qundup | to close | |
| qunriu’ | to steal | |
| qupthaf | ashes 灰塵 | |
| qusal | rain 雨 | |
| qusalhin (to rain) | to rain | |
| quthquthi | to tie up | |
| quway | rattan 藤 | |
| rabu | charcoal 炭 | |
| ranaw | chicken 雞 | |
| ranaw | fly 蒼蠅 | |
| rashrash | sand, big | |
| rawadh | flying squirrel | |
| rawrawwe | Bunun | |
| ri’bush | forest 森林 | |
| rikish | mosquito 蚊子 | |
| rikus | back 脊背 | |
| rima | five | |
| rima | hand 手 | |
| rima wa filhaq | finger 手指 | |
| rishidh | liver 肝 | |
| rithkuy (grapefruit) | orange 橘子 | |
| rudha | boat | |
| rudhith | mouth 嘴 | |
| rukthaw | leopard 豹 | |
| rumfadh, rumhwa’ | bird 鳥 | |
| rumrum | intestines 腸 | |
| rusaw | fish 魚 | |
| ruthun | monkey 猴子 | |
| sadhum | water 水 | |
| saqadhi | noon 中午 | |
| saran | road | |
| sasadh | old | |
| SaSanu | morning 早晨 | |
| semukus | to push | |
| semurudh | to pull | |
| shaba, tatashaba | hundred | |
| shadunan | yellow | |
| shakish | camphor 樟腦 | |
| shalhiklhik | saw | |
| shankash | to fear | |
| shanlaw | vegetables | |
| shapa’ | bark 樹皮 | |
| shapa’ | leather | |
| shapa’ | skin 皮膚 | |
| shaqish | face 臉 | |
| shashawdhi’, shashawdhi’ minananaw’adh | younger sibling | |
| shawiki’ | areca, betelnut 檳榔 | |
| sheminadhik | to smell | |
| shemirik | to stab | |
| shemupilh | to count | |
| shiaaidh | bait | |
| shidu’ | mat | |
| shinabunan | lance | |
| shinabunan | spear | |
| shinawan maruku | to wash dishes | |
| shku’da | tired | |
| shmadhik | smell, scent | |
| shmadiya’ | owl 貓頭鷹 | |
| shmaqish | to sew | |
| shmikalhiu | to roast | |
| shmin’an | to drink | |
| shminaw rima | to wash hands | |
| shnaw | heart 心 | |
| shpat | four | |
| shudhu | scar | |
| shunara, pashinara’ | to burn | |
| shungkash | be afraid | |
| simaq | tomorrow 明天 | |
| sinay | thread | |
| sirepau, shimiulhulh | to suck | |
| sisi, shishi’ | sheep 羊 | |
| sudun | forehead 額頭 | |
| tafuq | roof | |
| takanin | stomach 胃 | |
| takith | pygmy deer 麂子 | |
| takrahal (there’s story, it looks like a black dwarf with face like human but half fish) | lake spirit | |
| talhum | blood 血 | |
| tamaku | tobacco 菸草 | |
| tamalhtalh, mutafalh | to split | |
| tamuhun | hat | |
| tanaduu | right 右 | |
| tanathu | nine | |
| tanawilhi, tana’aylhi | left 左 | |
| tanlhuwan | night 晚上 | |
| tapaku, paku | chest 胸 | |
| taparudh | rabbit 兔子 | |
| taqitaqi’ | squirrel 松鼠 | |
| tarin | pine tree 松樹 | |
| tata sha’ba mundarudaru | one million | |
| tata, taha | one | |
| tatawa matilaw | thousand | |
| tatawa mun’darudaru | ten thousand | |
| tatiudh | comb | |
| tawen, tawn | house | |
| temala | to chop | |
| temana’, matana | to open | |
| teyp | waist 腰 | |
| thapa | granary | |
| thaqi | to shit, feces | |
| thaw | human being | |
| thaythuy | they | |
| thithu | he, she, it | |
| thmanit | to weep, to cry | |
| thpiq | thresh | |
| thuyni a qali | today 今天 | |
| tikún | pot | |
| tilha wa qali | yesterday 昨天 | |
| tilhal | sun 太陽 | |
| tima | who | |
| timitish | to rub | |
| tipor | maize 玉米 | |
| tiSmamraw | horse 馬 | |
| tiyadh | belly 肚子 | |
| tuali’ | money | |
| tubu | urine | |
| tudha | eel 鰻魚 | |
| tufulh | abdomen | |
| tuhuish | sugarcane 甘蔗 | |
| tuktuki | to cut | |
| tulhpilhnath | lightning 閃電 | |
| tumadha, tunmadha’ | to hear | |
| tumbush | body louse 身虱子 | |
| tungkiwakiwar | bend | |
| tunu | brain 腦髓 | |
| tunun | to weave | |
| tuqash | jungle | |
| tuqatuqash | old person | |
| tuqatuqash, sasadh | old | |
| turay, raki | penis | |
| turu | three | |
| turuqu | to peck | |
| tusha | two | |
| tutu | breast 乳房 | |
| udhash | vein 筋 | |
| uka | to not have (there isn’t?) | |
| ulhdha | snow 雪 | |
| umpiqian | goiter | |
| va:k | 夜鷺 ámkongjiáo | |
| wadhaqan | lake 湖 | |
| wadhaqan | sea 海 | |
| wadhiS | boar 野豬 | |
| wakrath | river 河 | |
| waqa | horn 角 | |
| wawinshiq | seed 種子 | |
| wawishwish | tail 尾巴 | |
| wiqdhas | leech 水蛭 | |
| wiwi’ | leech, small | |
| yaku | I | |
| yamin | we excl | |
| yanan | bed |
English - Thao Vocabulary
| a little | antupidha | |
| a pool, a pond | hunan | |
| abdomen | tufulh | |
| above 上面 | ifafaw | |
| alive | maqashtash | |
| Amis | padhish | |
| ancestor | apu | |
| and | mat | |
| angry | mabuqnur | |
| ant 螞蟻 | kakulhum | |
| anus | paqi | |
| areca, betelnut 檳榔 | shawiki’ | |
| arm 手臂 | muqlhilin | |
| arrow | padhishan, lhpalishan | |
| ashes | qafu | |
| ashes 灰塵 | qupthaf | |
| Atayal | padhish | |
| aunt | ina + name | |
| autumn 秋 | no word | |
| axe | paqit | |
| Babuza | alishal (簡老師) | |
| back 脊背 | rikus | |
| bad | maqarman, maqitan | |
| bait | shiaaidh | |
| bamboo 竹 | qawlh | |
| banana 香蕉 | fidhfidh | |
| bark 樹皮 | shapa’ | |
| bat 蝙蝠 | bablaq | |
| be afraid | shungkash | |
| bear 熊 | lhumay | |
| beard 鬍子 | bidhu | |
| bed | yanan | |
| bee 蜜蜂 | dhadhinis (bumblebee), fulhiya’ (bee), lhelhkadh (wasp) | |
| behind, back 後 | itanariqus | |
| belly 肚子 | tiyadh | |
| below 下面 | itanraws | |
| bend | tungkiwakiwar | |
| big | mara’in | |
| bird 鳥 | rumfadh, rumhwa’ | |
| bitter | masidhaq, mathidhaq | |
| black | maqusum | |
| black eel | maqusuqusu tudha | |
| blind | mariqus | |
| blood 血 | talhum | |
| blue, green | madishlum | |
| blunt | matarithtith | |
| boar 野豬 | wadhiS | |
| board | pangka’ | |
| boat | rudha | |
| body louse 身虱子 | tumbush | |
| bone 骨 | puqu’ | |
| bottle | ||
| bow | futulh | |
| bowl | maruku | |
| bowstring | klhiw | |
| bracelet | limra | |
| brain 腦髓 | tunu | |
| branch | pana’ | |
| breast 乳房 | tutu | |
| bridge | faruqudh | |
| broom | lhanshay | |
| buffalo 水牛 | qnuwan, qnuan | |
| bug 臭蟲 | banhilan | |
| bullet | filhash | |
| Bunun | rawrawwe | |
| but | numa | |
| butterfly 蝴蝶 | koralre’ | |
| cake | kmu | |
| calf of leg | buntuth | |
| camphor 樟腦 | shakish | |
| canine tooth 獠牙 | qaqurzin | |
| cat 貓 | qaruta, karuta’ | |
| cave 山洞 | mabraq | |
| centipede 蜈蚣 | arupiyath | |
| chaff | qedha | |
| chair | pangka | |
| charcoal 炭 | rabu | |
| cheek | patuq | |
| chest 胸 | tapaku, paku | |
| chicken stomach (not found in people) | buhanuq | |
| chicken 雞 | ranaw | |
| chief 頭目 | dadú | |
| child | adhadhak | |
| chili 辣椒 | makamun | |
| chopsticks | kakthi | |
| claw 爪 | kuku | |
| clean | matilaw | |
| close | iqualh | |
| clothes | hulus | |
| clothes | maqusum | |
| cloud 雲 | hurum | |
| cold as in water | matithi | |
| cold as in weather | mashimedhaw, mashimlaw | |
| comb | tatiudh | |
| cooked food | paniya’an | |
| cooked rice | afu, ‘afu’ | |
| crab 螃蟹 | qalhan | |
| crow 烏鴉 | aaq | |
| dark in ambience | madumdum | |
| day 天/日 | qali, malhiyas | |
| deaf | àntutumádha | |
| deep | mahruqhruq | |
| deer 鹿 | qnuwan, qnuan | |
| dirty | ishkawan, maprupruq | |
| dog 狗 | atu’ | |
| don’t | ingqa | |
| door | pitaw | |
| dream | matyashya’ | |
| drink (wine) | miqilha’ | |
| drunk | ishqala’ | |
| dry | maqalhiw | |
| duck 鴨 | kirpa | |
| eagle 鷹 | ku’aw | |
| ear 耳朵 | lharina | |
| earring | kadhingkin | |
| earth 地 | peruq, pruq | |
| earthworm 蚯蚓 | katidhawruq | |
| east 東 | ||
| eel 鰻魚 | tudha | |
| egg 蛋 | qarithuy | |
| eight | kashepat, kashpat | |
| elbow | butridhin | |
| elder sibling | mashtuqash ayudhi, mashtuqash minanaw’adh | |
| enemy | ||
| excrement | puthaqi, thaqi | |
| eye 眼睛 | matha | |
| eyebrow 眉毛 | karaw | |
| face 臉 | shaqish | |
| far | ihadhish | |
| fat | maramu | |
| fat, grease | mathimash | |
| father | ama | |
| feather 羽毛 | kupur | |
| fence | ||
| field 旱地 | finunal | |
| finger 手指 | rima wa filhaq | |
| fire 火 | apuy | |
| fish 魚 | rusaw | |
| five | rima | |
| flea 跳蚤 | qatitira | |
| flesh | bunlhadh | |
| flower 花 | bukay | |
| fly 蒼蠅 | ranaw | |
| flying squirrel | rawadh | |
| fog 霧 | harbuq | |
| foot 腳 | kuskus | |
| forehead 額頭 | sudun | |
| forest 森林 | ri’bush | |
| four | shpat | |
| fragrant | maqanshudh | |
| friend | huri | |
| frog 青蛙 | kantashan | |
| front 前 | itanamuqtha | |
| fruit 水果 | no word | |
| full | mapunish | |
| full, satiated 飽 | mabuqlhiw | |
| gall 膽 | karpul | |
| goiter | umpiqian | |
| good | maqitan | |
| granary | thapa | |
| grandchild | qati | |
| grandfather | apura’in | |
| grandmother | apukiay | |
| grass 草 | lhmir | |
| grease | lhimash, mathimash | |
| gun | puthum | |
| hair 毛 | kupur | |
| hair 頭髮 | fukish | |
| hand 手 | rima | |
| happy | maqaran | |
| hard | makutnir | |
| harmonica | mulingkaw (musical instrument with mouth and strings) | |
| hat | tamuhun | |
| have (there is?) | itiya | |
| he, she, it | thithu | |
| head louse 頭虱子 | kuthu | |
| head 頭 | punuq | |
| heart 心 | shnaw | |
| heavy | mabrith | |
| hemp 麻 | klhiw | |
| high | ifafaw | |
| hip | ||
| hoe | ||
| honey | dharinis | |
| hook | panidha’ | |
| horn 角 | waqa | |
| horse 馬 | tiSmamraw | |
| hot | matata, mahnar | |
| house | tawen, tawn | |
| how many | lapidha, laqudha’ | |
| human being | thaw | |
| hundred | shaba, tatashaba | |
| hungry | mashuru | |
| husband | ayudhi’ | |
| husked rice 稻 | padhay, dhashuq (rice) | |
| I | yaku | |
| inside 裡面 | it’mal | |
| intestines 腸 | rumrum | |
| iron 鐵 | balis | |
| itch | makalunhan | |
| jungle | tuqash | |
| Kanakanabu | padhish | |
| knee 膝蓋 | karuf | |
| knife | mananan | |
| ladder | ||
| lake spirit | takrahal (there’s story, it looks like a black dwarf with face like human but half fish) | |
| lake 湖 | wadhaqan | |
| lame, crippled | mapiqa’ | |
| lance | shinabunan | |
| language | lalawa’ | |
| lazy | malaylay | |
| leaf 葉子 | filhaq | |
| leather | shapa’ | |
| leave | mutushi’ | |
| leech 水蛭 | wiqdhas | |
| leech, big | biqras | |
| leech, small | wiwi’ | |
| left 左 | tanawilhi, tana’aylhi | |
| leg 腿 | bantath | |
| leopard 豹 | rukthaw | |
| light in ambience | mariyath | |
| light in weight | manrankaw | |
| lightning 閃電 | tulhpilhnath | |
| lime 石灰 | ||
| lip 嘴唇 | nulhnulh | |
| liver 肝 | rishidh | |
| long | makuliush | |
| low | ipruq | |
| lung | faaq | |
| maggot | dilkay | |
| maize 玉米 | tipor | |
| man | ayudhi’ | |
| many | manasha | |
| mat | shidu’ | |
| middle 中間 | ifadhfadh | |
| millet 小米 | kamar | |
| money | tuali’ | |
| monkey 猴子 | ruthun | |
| month | furadh | |
| moon 月亮 | furadh | |
| morning 早晨 | SaSanu | |
| mortar | ||
| mosquito 蚊子 | rikish | |
| mother | ina | |
| mountain 山 | hu’dun | |
| mouth 嘴 | rudhith | |
| mushroom | lhari | |
| nail 指甲 | kuku | |
| name | lhanadh | |
| narrow | maqtit | |
| navel 肚臍 | pudha | |
| near | iquwalh | |
| necklace | malimrath | |
| needle | lhalhum | |
| new | faqlhu | |
| night 晚上 | tanlhuwan | |
| nine | tanathu | |
| no, not | ani | |
| noon 中午 | saqadhi | |
| north 北 | ||
| nose 鼻子 | mudhin | |
| old | tuqatuqash, sasadh | |
| old | sasadh | |
| old person | tuqatuqash | |
| one | tata, taha | |
| one million | tata sha’ba mundarudaru | |
| orange 橘子 | rithkuy (grapefruit) | |
| otherwise | amiakudha | |
| outside 外面 | isaran | |
| owl 貓頭鷹 | shmadiya’ | |
| ox 牛 | humbaaq | |
| pain | maqashpar | |
| Paiwan | padhish | |
| pan | qashay | |
| pangolin 穿山甲 | ‘athlum | |
| paper | qahil | |
| Pazeh | padhish | |
| penis | turay, raki | |
| peppery | makamun | |
| pestle | ||
| pheasant | athua | |
| phlegm | lhilhaq | |
| pig 豬 | fafuy | |
| pigeon | hwathu’ | |
| pillar | qerus | |
| pine tree 松樹 | tarin | |
| pipe of tobacco | kakanan | |
| plain 平地 | ||
| pointed, sharp | malamlam | |
| pot | tikún | |
| pus | nadhaq | |
| Puyuma | padhish | |
| pygmy deer 麂子 | takith | |
| quick | mabiskaw | |
| rabbit 兔子 | taparudh | |
| rain 雨 | qusal | |
| rainbow 虹 | qariwadhwadh | |
| rat 鼠 | mashmash | |
| rattan 藤 | quway | |
| raw | matak, matishlum | |
| red | maqulha | |
| rib | falhán | |
| ribs | falhan | |
| rice | dhashuq | |
| rice field 田 | buhat | |
| right 右 | tanaduu | |
| ripe | matbulaw | |
| river 河 | wakrath | |
| road | saran | |
| roof | tafuq | |
| root 根 | lhamith | |
| rope | madhiwadhiwan, klhiw | |
| rotten | mingqurqur | |
| round | makaripupu’ | |
| Rukai | padhis | |
| Saaroa | padhish | |
| Saisiyat | padhish | |
| saliva | lhlilhaq | |
| salt | qetilha | |
| salty | maqasbit | |
| sand 沙 | bunal, bunadh (fine) | |
| sand, big | rashrash | |
| satisfied | mabukthiwidha | |
| saw | shalhiklhik | |
| scar | shudhu | |
| sea 海 | wadhaqan | |
| seed 種子 | wawinshiq | |
| Seediq | padhish | |
| self-nom | nama-thaw | |
| seven | pitu | |
| shadow | ba’hi’ | |
| shallow | makapa | |
| sharp | malamlam | |
| sheep 羊 | sisi, shishi’ | |
| shoes | kapaha | |
| short | luysh | |
| short 矮 | madumpiq | |
| shoulder 肩膀 | karafaw | |
| shrimp 蝦 | kuthun | |
| sick | banshidhin | |
| sickle | ||
| side 旁邊 | ishilshil | |
| six | katuru, makaturuturu | |
| skin 皮膚 | shapa’ | |
| skirt | pedhahin | |
| sky, heaven 天 | qali’ | |
| slowly | mundawdawk | |
| small | langkinunay, langqisusay | |
| smell, scent | shmadhik | |
| smooth | mabaridh | |
| snake 蛇 | qlhoran | |
| snow 雪 | ulhdha | |
| so sleep | malhus | |
| soft | madhumudhumus | |
| soil 土 | ||
| son | adhadhak | |
| soul 靈魂 | ba’hi’ | |
| sour | manishir | |
| south 南 | ||
| sparrow 麻雀 | kadaw na rongfel | |
| spear | shinabunan | |
| speech | ||
| spider 蜘蛛 | kakatu’ | |
| spring 春 | no word | |
| sprout, bamboo shoot | qati’ | |
| sputum 痰 | ||
| squirrel 松鼠 | taqitaqi’ | |
| star 星星 | kilhpul | |
| stick | lhetukusan | |
| stomach 胃 | takanin | |
| stone 石頭 | fatu’ | |
| straight | malundudh | |
| sugar | kamsiya | |
| sugarcane 甘蔗 | tuhuish | |
| summer 夏 | no word | |
| sun 太陽 | tilhal | |
| SunMoon Lake dwarfs | lilitun | |
| swallow | bablaq | |
| sweet | madahun | |
| sweet potato 甘藷 | buna | |
| sword | funush | |
| table | kakani na pangka | |
| taboo | palshiyan a lalawa’ | |
| tail 尾巴 | wawishwish | |
| tall | marutaw | |
| taro 芋頭 | lhari | |
| tea | pushawil | |
| ten | makthin | |
| ten thousand | tatawa mun’darudaru | |
| that | huya | |
| the same | miadhay | |
| they | thaythuy | |
| thick | makushtur | |
| thin | mabadhay | |
| thin | mashakarman | |
| thing | ‘anyamin | |
| thirsty | ish’uqaw | |
| this | haya | |
| thorn 莿 | ||
| thousand | tatawa matilaw | |
| thread | sinay | |
| three | turu | |
| thresh | thpiq | |
| throat 喉嚨 | lahulahu | |
| thunder 雷 | maharumpum | |
| tired | shku’da | |
| to answer | (forgot) | |
| to ask | dhayi | |
| to bathe | milu’ | |
| to belch, burp | lhunfa’ | |
| to bind | maquthquth | |
| to bite | qmirqir, maqilqil | |
| to blow | myup | |
| to boil | pintata | |
| to borrow | mashimul | |
| to breathe | makeshenaw, maqshinaw | |
| to burn | shunara, pashinara’ | |
| to buy | faariw, fariw | |
| to carry on back | mapa’ | |
| to chew | milqil | |
| to choose | milhim | |
| to chop | temala | |
| to climb | maqurada | |
| to close | qundup | |
| to come | munay, makunanay | |
| to cook | malhathas | |
| to cough | mashudhu’udhu | |
| to count | shemupilh | |
| to crawl | mundadan | |
| to curse | minshiraq | |
| to cut | tuktuki | |
| to dance | minparaw | |
| to die | mathay | |
| to dig | kemari, piabrak, tmabrak | |
| to drink | shmin’an | |
| to eat | makan, kman | |
| to fall | mathathaq, muntunuq | |
| to fart | qtut | |
| to fear | shankash | |
| to fight | mapanaq | |
| to find | kmilhim | |
| to float | lhumbaha | |
| to flow | murushrush | |
| to fly | marfadh | |
| to follow | muntal | |
| to forget | ‘in’awran | |
| to give | lhay | |
| to go | mutantu, musha’ | |
| to hang | pungkaka’lini | |
| to hear | tumadha, tunmadha’ | |
| to hiccup | hluhluk | |
| to hide | kmurudh | |
| to hit | qmaytunu | |
| to hold | mara | |
| to hunt | muribush | |
| to jump | minparaw | |
| to kick | ||
| to kill | kamapathay | |
| to know | mafadhaq | |
| to laugh | mathathawa | |
| to lie | muntunuq | |
| to live | maqashtash | |
| to not have (there isn’t?) | uka | |
| to open | temana’, matana | |
| to peck | turuqu | |
| to piss | pishtub’u | |
| to plant | malhuydha | |
| to play | naquwalh | |
| to press | ingekemir | |
| to pull | semurudh | |
| to push | semukus | |
| to rain | qusalhin (to rain) | |
| to revolve | mushuqish | |
| to roast | shmikalhiu | |
| to rob | qemalaw | |
| to rub | malhifus | |
| to rub | timitish | |
| to run | malaliyu | |
| to scold | minshiraq | |
| to scratch | kemulhaw | |
| to see | meriqadh, mariqadh | |
| to sell | faariw | |
| to sew | shmaqish | |
| to shit, feces | thaqi | |
| to shoot | panaq, pafdhiq | |
| to shout | marayinlalawa | |
| to sing | paqaquyish, makakuyas | |
| to sit | milhungqu’ | |
| to slap | kemaytunu | |
| to smell | sheminadhik | |
| to sneeze | lhungqawshin | |
| to snore | ||
| to spit | malhilhaq | |
| to split | tamalhtalh, mutafalh | |
| to stab | shemirik | |
| to stand | milhilhi’ | |
| to steal | qunriu’ | |
| to stick, to adhere | madunlak | |
| to suck | sirepau, shimiulhulh | |
| to swallow | (forgot) | |
| to sweep | ||
| to swim | mrawdh, milu’ | |
| to take | mara | |
| to talk | malhinuna, mdhait (talk to s.o.) | |
| to think | mangtuktu | |
| to throw | qawriwa, panak | |
| to thunder | maburumbun | |
| to tie up | quthquthi | |
| to touch | mashudhap | |
| to untie | qraqraki | |
| to vomit | mutaq | |
| to wait | mitalha’ | |
| to walk | mundadan | |
| to wash clothes | flhuq (hulus) | |
| to wash dishes | shinawan maruku | |
| to wash hands | shminaw rima | |
| to weave | tunun | |
| to weep, to cry | thmanit | |
| to work | mubuhat, malhkalhilyu | |
| to write | matash | |
| to yawn | mashuashuaw | |
| tobacco 菸草 | tamaku | |
| today 今天 | thuyni a qali | |
| tomorrow 明天 | simaq | |
| tongue 舌頭 | dhama | |
| tooth 牙齒 | nipin | |
| top of foot 腳上 | biktidh | |
| trap | dawlhlaw | |
| tree 樹 | kawi’ | |
| Tsou | padhish | |
| turtle | hara’ | |
| two | tusha | |
| uncle | ama + name | |
| urine | tubu | |
| vagina | kuti | |
| vegetable dish | paniya’an | |
| vegetables | shanlaw | |
| vein 筋 | udhash | |
| village | katawnan | |
| waist 腰 | teyp | |
| wall | pinadhim | |
| water 水 | sadhum | |
| we excl | yamin | |
| we incl | ita | |
| west 西 | ||
| wet | matubu’ | |
| what | numa | |
| white | mapudhi | |
| white eel | mapudhipudhia tudha | |
| who | tima | |
| wind 風 | fari | |
| window | padhiwat | |
| wine | qilha’ | |
| wing 翅膀 | pali | |
| winnower | pash’amu | |
| winter 冬 | no word | |
| wok | qashay | |
| woman | minanaw’adh | |
| wood | kawi’ | |
| wood carving with diagonal lines | ma’awak | |
| worm 蟲 | kakulay | |
| Yami | padhis | |
| year 年 | kawash | |
| yellow | shadunan | |
| yesterday 昨天 | tilha wa qali | |
| you | ihu, ‘ihu’ | |
| you guys | ihuman, maniyun | |
| young person | parhavay | |
| younger sibling | shashawdhi’, shashawdhi’ minananaw’adh | |
| 夜鷺 ámkongjiáo | va:k |
Thao Language Numbers
Transcription not yet available.
| Numbers 1 - 20 | |
| Numbers 10 - 100 | |
| Numbers 100 - 300 | |
| Numbers 1000 - 4000 | |
| Numbers 10,000 and 1,000,000 |
Thao Language Telling Time
Transcription not yet available.
| What time is it? | |
| Do you know what time it is? | |
| It’s twelve noon. | |
| It’s noon. | |
| It’s twelve midnight. | |
| It’s midnight. | |
| It’s six o’clock sharp. | |
| It’s ten after eight. (Thao has no word for minutes, so it means a little after eight.) | |
| It’s a quarter past nine. (A little past nine) | |
| It’s half past eleven. | |
| It’s almost four. | |
| It’s not quite four. | |
| It’s just after four. | |
| It’s a little past three. | |
| Is this clock right? |